The Necessity of Protecting Big Cats
Protecting big cats is essential not just for their survival but for the health of entire ecosystems. As apex predators, big cats help regulate prey populations, maintaining the balance of the food web and ensuring the health of their habitats. Without them, ecosystems can become unbalanced, leading to a cascade of environmental problems such as overgrazing, loss of vegetation, and soil erosion.
Big cats also hold cultural and economic significance. They are central to India’s wildlife tourism industry, which generates significant revenue and supports local economies. Moreover, their conservation aligns with global biodiversity goals, contributing to the preservation of our planet’s natural heritage.
Also Read – Top 6 success stories of species revival
Current Status of Big Cats in India
Tiger (Panthera tigris): India’s tiger population has seen a remarkable recovery, with the All India Tiger Estimation Report 2022 reporting nearly 3682 tigers, which makes India a host of 75% of global tiger population, the tiger population was severely threatened untill the 60s, hence, conservationists felt the need to save this about to extinct species. Government of India directed to form a regulatory body and named it as National tiger conservation authority (NTCA) which further led to develop a conceptual framework, in order to initiate ambitious but challenging project tiger in 1973., Initially, only 9 the then national parks were declared as India’s first tiger reserve protected by law( WPA 1972). This success is attributed to the sustained efforts of institutions like WII, NTCA, and dedicated conservationists who have worked tirelessly to protect and monitor these magnificent animals. India now proudly protecting this umbrella species in their vast and diverse landscape across 16 states and number of tiger reserves have now increased to 57 ( as on date 9 Dec 2024) https://ntca.gov.in/reports/
Asiatic Lion (Panthera leo persica):The Asiatic Lion, confined to the Gir Forest in Gujarat, has a population of around 674 individuals according to the 2020 census. Despite the growing numbers, the species remains vulnerable due to its restricted range. The failure to translocate a portion of the population to a secondary location, such as Kuno-Palpur, poses significant risks, including potential disease outbreaks and genetic bottlenecks.
https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/publications/rr_2009_Social_Organization_Asiatic_lion.pdf
Common Leopard (Panthera pardus):The Common Leopard is widespread across India, but faces significant threats from habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching. The 2024Status of Leopards in India report estimated the population at around 13874 . However, the actual numbers may be higher, given the leopard’s elusive nature.
https://wii.gov.in/images/images/documents/images_2024/leopard_status_2022a.pdf
Snow Leopard (Panthera uncia) Snow leopards inhabit the high-altitude regions of the Himalayas, with a population estimated around 718 individuals. The National Snow Leopard Population Assessment by WII has been crucial in guiding conservation efforts for this “Vulnerable” species.
https://wii.gov.in/status_snow_leopard_2024
Clouded Leopard (Neofelis nebulosa):The Clouded Leopard, smallest of all big cats found in the northeastern states, remains one of India’s least studied big cats. Listed as “Vulnerable” by the IUCN, it faces threats from habitat loss and hunting. While the exact population in India is unclear, efforts are underway to better understand and protect this enigmatic species.
https://india.mongabay.com/2023/10/clouded-leopards-develop-ways-to-survive-competition/?amp=1
Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus venaticus– Asiatic): The cheetah, declared extinct in India in 1952, is now being reintroduced (Acinonyx jubatus jubatus – African) through a landmark initiative that aims to re-establish a wild population in selected locations. This project, though ambitious, faces significant challenges but holds promise for restoring the species to its historical range.
https://ntca.gov.in/project-cheetah-kuno-np/#project-cheetah
The Role of IUCN and Cat Specialist Group
The IUCN, through its Red List and Cat Specialist Group, has been instrumental in global big cat conservation. These organizations provide scientific guidance, conservation planning, and policy recommendations that have informed India’s conservation strategies. Their work ensures that conservation efforts are grounded in sound science and aligned with global biodiversity targets.
Challenges and Future of Big Cat Conservation
The future of big cat conservation in India is intricately linked to socio-economic factors, including a growing human population and the consequent demand for land and resources. Habitat encroachment, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching remain persistent challenges. Addressing these issues requires a holistic approach that integrates landscape-level planning, community-based conservation, and sustainable development.
Programs that promote wildlife corridors, protect natural habitats, and provide alternative livelihoods for local communities are essential. The involvement of local communities, combined with the support of science and NGOs, will be critical in ensuring the long-term survival of big cats. Greater public awareness, stronger law enforcement, and innovative conservation strategies are needed to address the complex challenges facing big cats in India.
Pioneer Conservation Efforts and Contributions
The journey of big cat conservation in India has been shaped by the tireless efforts of numerous dedicated conservationists and the implementation of pioneering initiatives. Project Tiger, launched in 1973, stands as one of the most successful conservation programs globally. Spearheaded by then-Prime Minister Indira Gandhi and guided by the expertise of conservationists like Kailash Sankhala, the “Tiger Man of India,” this initiative laid the groundwork for tiger conservation, leading to a significant recovery in tiger populations.
Dr. Latika Nath, often called the “Tiger Lady of India,” has made remarkable contributions to tiger conservation. As one of the first women in India to pursue a career in wildlife conservation, she has worked extensively in the field, combining scientific research with community engagement to protect India’s tigers. Her work has inspired many and highlighted the role of women in conservation.
Dr. Rajesh Gopal, the former head of the National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), played a pivotal role in implementing Project Tiger and ensuring that it remained dynamic in response to evolving challenges. His leadership in policy formulation and monitoring systems has been crucial in sustaining tiger populations.
Dr. Y. V. Jhala , Wildlife Institute of India (WII) is another prominent figure in tiger conservation. His work in developing the All India Tiger Estimation methodology has provided reliable data on tiger populations and their habitats, essential for informed conservation decisions. He is now superannuated from WII but still contributing to the field of conservation of not just tigers but many species.
The late Dr. A.J.T. Johnsingh, was a legendary wildlife biologist and conservationist whose work with large mammals, particularly big cats, has had a lasting impact on India’s conservation landscape. His studies on the behavior and ecology of large carnivores and his advocacy for protected areas have been instrumental in shaping conservation strategies. He dedicated his life for the conservation and been a exemplary legend in shaping the modern era of conservation.
Dr. Ullas Karanth, a leading wildlife biologist associated with the Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS),has been at the forefront of tiger conservation in India. His pioneering use of camera traps and advanced statistical models to estimate tiger populations has revolutionized wildlife monitoring, providing more accurate data for conservation planning.
Institutions and Authorities Driving Conservation
Several institutions and authorities have played critical roles in advancing the conservation of big cats and other wildlife in India. The Wildlife Institute of India (WII) in Dehradun has been a cornerstone in wildlife research and training. WII’s scientific research on big cats, their habitats, and the challenges they face has informed conservation policies and strategies across the country.
The Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore has contributed significantly to ecological research, particularly in the Western Ghats, one of the biodiversity hotspots where many big cat species reside. The Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology (CCMB) in Hyderabad has also been involved in genetic studies crucial for understanding the population dynamics and health of endangered species like tigers and lions.
The National Tiger Conservation Authority (NTCA), established in 2005, has been instrumental in strengthening tiger conservation efforts, particularly through the implementation of Project Tiger. NTCA’s role in monitoring tiger reserves, standardizing protocols for population estimation, and addressing human-tiger conflicts has been vital.
The Wildlife Crime Control Bureau (WCCB)has played a crucial role in combating poaching and illegal wildlife trade, which are significant threats to big cats. By coordinating with various law enforcement agencies and using intelligence-driven operations, WCCB has helped curb wildlife crimes across the country.
World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)-India has been actively involved in conservation projects, working with local communities, governments, and other NGOs to protect big cats and their habitats. Their efforts in promoting sustainable livelihoods, reducing human-wildlife conflicts, and raising awareness have been vital to conservation success.
Dedicated Efforts of Indian Foresters and Frontline Conservationists
The success of big cat conservation in India would not have been possible without the dedicated efforts of Indian foresters and frontline conservationists. These individuals, often working in challenging conditions, have been the guardians of India’s wilderness, protecting big cats and their habitats from poaching, habitat destruction, and human-wildlife conflict. Supported by scientific research and the efforts of NGOs, these frontline workers have been instrumental in implementing conservation strategies on the ground.
Organizations like Wildlife Trust of India (WTI) and Centre for Wildlife Studies (CWS) have supported these efforts through training, capacity building, and providing necessary resources for effective conservation action. These partnerships between government agencies, NGOs, and local communities have created a robust network dedicated to the protection of India’s natural heritage.
Conclusion
The conservation of big cats in India transcends the protection of individual species; it is an essential mission to preserve the balance and integrity of entire ecosystems. These apex predators are crucial to maintaining the health of their habitats, which in turn supports a rich diversity of life. The progress made in conserving tigers, Asiatic lions, and other big cats is a testament to the relentless efforts of dedicated conservationists, scientists, foresters, and local communities.
However, the challenges ahead are significant. As India’s population continues to grow, the pressure on natural resources and wildlife habitats will increase. Habitat fragmentation, human-wildlife conflict, and poaching are ongoing threats that require innovative and adaptive conservation strategies. To overcome these challenges, we must focus on inclusive conservation approaches that engage local communities, strengthen wildlife corridors, and ensure that conservation efforts benefit both wildlife and people.
Institutions like WII, IISc, NCBS, NTCA, and NGOs will continue to play a vital role in guiding these efforts through cutting-edge research and on-ground implementation. Public awareness and participation are equally crucial, as the success of conservation depends on the collective action of all stakeholders.
In this endeavor, every single individual is a stakeholder. We all share the responsibility of conserving nature and protecting these remarkable species. Each of us is a conservationist, and every small effort—whether it’s reducing our ecological footprint, supporting conservation initiatives, or advocating for wildlife protection—contributes to the larger goal.
Together, these individual actions can drive the significant change needed to secure a future where big cats thrive in their natural habitats. With sustained commitment and a collective spirit, we can ensure that these majestic creatures continue to grace our planet for generations to come, symbolizing India’s rich natural heritage and our shared commitment to preserving it.
Further reading:
Scientific Publications
- Austin, S. C., Tewes, M. E., Grassman Jr, L. I., & Silvy, N. J. (2007).Ecology and conservation of the clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa) in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. Biological Conservation, 138(3-4), 339-347.
- Banerjee, K., Jhala, Y. V., Chauhan, K. S., & Dave, C. V. (2013).Living with lions: The economics of coexistence in the Gir forests, India. PLOS ONE, 8(1), e49457.
- Buckley-Beason, V. A., Johnson, W. E., Nash, W. G., Stanyon, R., Menninger, J. C., Driscoll, C. A., … & O’Brien, S. J. (2006).Molecular evidence for species-level distinctions in clouded leopards. Current Biology, 16(23), 2371-2376.
- Divyabhanusinh. (1995). The End of a Trail: The Cheetah in India. Banyan Books.
- Dutta, T., Sharma, S., Maldonado, J. E., Wood, T. C., Panwar, H. S., & Seidensticker, J. (2013).Gene flow and demographic history of leopards (Panthera pardus) in the central Indian highlands. *Evolutionary Applications, 6(6), 949-959.
- Grassman Jr, L. I., Tewes, M. E., Silvy, N. J., & Kreetiyutanont, K. (2005).Ecology of three sympatric felids in a mixed evergreen forest in north-central Thailand. Journal of Mammalogy, 86(1), 29-38.
- Jacobson, A. P., Gerngross, P., Lemeris, J. R., Schoonover, R. F., Anco, C., Breitenmoser-Würsten, C., … & Dollar, L. (2016).Leopard (Panthera pardus) status, distribution, and the research efforts across its range.PeerJ, 4, e1974.
- Jhala, Y. V., Qureshi, Q., Gopal, R., & Sinha, P. R. (Eds.) (2022).All India Tiger Estimation 2022. National Tiger Conservation Authority, Government of India & Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
- Karanth, K. K., & Jhala, Y. V. (2016). Camera Trapping Tigers and Other Big Cats in the Wild: Lessons from India. Conservation Science.
- Mondol, S., Karanth, U., & Ramakrishnan, U. (2009).Why the Indian subcontinent holds the key to global tiger recovery. PLoS Genetics, 5(8), e1000585.
- Pathak, B. J., & Kitchener, A. C. (2009).The last Asiatic lions in the Gir Forest, India: Population and conservation genetics. The Zoological Society of London.
- Ramakrishnan, U., & Jhala, Y. V. (2019).Conservation Genetics: Ensuring Genetic Health of Big Cats in India.Conservation Science.
- Ramakrishnan, U., Iyengar, A., Quenette, P. Y., & Moatti, N. (2022). Population genetics and reintroduction planning for the Asiatic cheetah in India.Conservation Genetics, 23(4), 817-829.
- Ranjitsinh, M. K., & Jhala, Y. V. (2020).Assessment of Cheetah Habitat and Reintroduction Plan in India. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
- Riordan, P., & Shi, K. (2019).National Snow Leopard Population Assessment in India*. Wildlife Institute of India, Dehradun.
- Sharma, R., Stuckas, H., Bhaskar, R., Rajput, S., Khan, I., Goyal, S. P., & Tiedemann, R. (2018).Genetic analysis of the Indian tiger population reveals high genetic diversity and historical connectivity. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 285(1876), 20181894.
- Sharma, R. K., Aryal, A., Riordan, P., & McCarthy, T. M. (2021).Estimating snow leopard population size from camera trap data: Combining mark-recapture and occupancy models. *Biological Conservation, 256, 109021.
- Singh, H. S., & Gibson, L. (2011).A conservation success story in the otherwise dire megafaunal extinction crisis: The Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica) of Gir forest. *Biological Conservation*, 144(5), 1753-1757.
Popular Articles from Magazines
- Choudhury, A. (2017). Protecting India’s Snow Leopards: A Delicate Balance. The Wire.
- Johnsingh, A. J. T. (2016). Guardians of the Gir: The Last Lions of India. Sanctuary Asia.
- Kimbrough, L. (2020).India’s Big Cats Face Habitat Fragmentation and Poaching. Mongabay.
- Moss, R. (2020). The Leopard’s Last Stand: Protecting India’s Most Persecuted Big Cat. Save Our Species.
- Pardikar, R. (2021). As Cheetahs Prepare to Return, Can India Manage All Its Big Cats? Mongabay.
- Rao, R. (2020). The Last Roar: Challenges in Lion Conservation Outside Gir. Down to Earth.
- Sen, S. (2022).The Return of the Cheetah: India’s Bold Conservation Gamble. The Wire.
- Sethi, N. (2018). In the Shadow of the Leopard: Human-Wildlife Conflict in India. Down to Earth.
- Thapar, V. (2017).The Tiger’s Trail: Following India’s Most Iconic Big Cat. Sanctuary Asia.
- Wright, B. (2019).Saving India’s Tigers: A Success Story with Cautionary Tales. Save Our Species.
